Eliptical Sentence

Eliptical sentence is the way you combine two sentences which has different subject with the same predicate. it is used to avoid repetition.

When you want to combine two positive sentences, you will need so or too.

Example:

She walks to school every morning.
They walk to school every morning.

Eliptical sentences:

• She walks to school and they do too.

                                   or

• She walks to school and so do they.

The patterns are:

... and + S + Auxiliary + too .

... and + so + Auxiliary + S .

When you want to combine two negative sentences, you will need either or neither.

Example:

She doesn't go to the office.

I don't go to the office.

Eliptical sentences:

• She doesn't go to the office and I don't either.

                                   or

• She doesn't go to the office and neither do I.

The patterns are:

... and + S + Auxiliary + not + either .

... and + neither + Auxiliary + S .

P.S 

You don't need to put 'NOT' when you use 'NEITHER' because neither stands for 'Not + Either'.

Young Learners

This is a fun way to learn English!


http://www.4shared.com/rar/truN5psN/tugas_pak_wena.html?

Grammar

Either/or - Neither/nor

The using of either/or  :

It is used in a sentence when referring to a choice between two possibilities.
Example:

• Maybe I will drink soda. Maybe I will drink juice.  (I will choose one of them)

           I will drink either soda or juice.

The using of Neither/nor  :
It is used in a sentence in a negative context when you want to say that two or more things are untrue.

Example:

• I don't eat candy. I don't eat cake. (I don't eat both of them)

          I eat neither candy nor cake.

Fun Class Activity

an Ice Breaker

Language focus : Vocabulary; animal names

Skill focus         : Writing 

Procedures       :

• Form the class into groups. Each group has a large sheet of paper. in large classes, students may work in pairs, each with a sheet of paper.
• Children write as many animals as they can think of in one minute.
• They then pass the large sheet of paper to the group on their right or to the pair on their right.
• The next group will add more animals to the list.
• Continue rotating the sheet of paper until it returns to the original group. In large classes, pass the paper round five pairs.
• Create the summary grid on the board.
• ask the students to call out the name of an animal that falls into the following categories: farm animals, pets, and wild animals, and record these into the grid.

TYPE OF TEXTS

The Definition of Text

Text is a meaning which is expressed by words, phrase, sentence, and sign. It depends on the context. Text is also defined as a stretch of language, either in speech or in writing, that is semantically and pragmatically coherent in its real-world context. A
text can range from just one word to a sequence of utterances or sentences in a speech, a letter, a novel. There are some types of texts, they are narrative text, descriptive text, report text, recount text, procedure text, persuasive text.

·      The Definition of Descriptive Text

Descriptive text is a text which expresses or describes place, thing and person in such vivid detail that the readers can easily imagine the described place, thing and person or can picture what it looks like. In addition, descriptive text is also defined as a text which is written with our senses since the text will make the readers see, touch, taste, hear or smell the object.

v  Generic Structure

Descriptive text is intended to describe place, person, and thing so that the reader will be able to visualize the object. Generally, it has the following generic structure: 

a.         Identification

Identification is a part in which you identify or write the recognition; moreover, it can be a general statement about place, person, or thing that you want to describe.

b.        Descriptions

Descriptions are vivid detail of place, person, or thing that you want to describe so that the reader can easily imagine or picture the object, or they can feel the object with the five senses. 

c.         Conclusion

The last part of descriptive text is optional (i.e. it may be included or not). In this part, you conclude the paragraph or restate the identification.

·      The Definition of Recount Text

Recount text is a text which retells past events or experience for the purpose of informing or entertaining. It could include personal events, factual incidents or imaginary incidents.

v  Generic Structure of Recount Text

a.         Orientation :

Setting the scene and giving the necessary background information such as, who, when, where, what, and why.

b.        Events

Retelling the event in chronological order or logical sequence, usually in the past. (there is no complication in recount)

c.         Reorientation

Including a personal comment or opinion and a closing statement.

·      The Definition of Narrative Text

            Narrative paragraph is often used to describe what a person does over a period of time. It is an account of a sequence of events, usually in chronological order. It is a story or account of events, experiences, or the like, whether true or fictitious. Narrative paragraph deals with problematic events that lead to crisis or complication to find resolution.

v  Generic Structure

In writing narrative paragraph, you have to know the generic structure of it because it is really important to make it clear and structural . The generic structure of narrative paragraph consist of four, they are orientation, complication, resolution and re-orientation.

a.         Orientation          

Setting the scene, introducing the participants or giving necessary   background ( who, when, and when )

b.        Complication       

Writing a crisis, in which the problem  or complication arises and it creates  tension, it is carefully written until it finds its climax

c.         Resolution           

Finding the end of the narration or the crisis is resolved, it can be happy or unhappy ending

d.        Re-orientation

Closing the narration by using personal comment or opinion

·      The Definition of Procedure Text

Procedure Text is a text that is designed to describe how something is achieved through a sequence of actions or steps. It explains how people perform different processes in a sequence of steps. This text uses simple present tense, often imperative sentence. It also uses the temporal conjunction such as : first, second, then, next, finally, etc.

v  Generic Structures

·           Goal / aim ( or title)

·           Materials ( not required for all procedural texts)

·           Steps ( the actions that must be taken)

·      The Definition of Persuasive Text

Persuasion means to convince someone that your opinion on a subject is the right one. There are many forms of persuasion, you might not even know you are being persuaded. For example advertisements are persuading you to buy a certain product. Persuasive text includes advertisements, editorials, and reviews.

Chapter 4

IDIOMS 

when you speak English with other, idiom will make you even so sexy!

There are some idioms that may be can help you, they are:

A walk in the park
Arti: Pekerjaan yang sangat mudah (seperti berjalan-jalan di taman).

Bark up the wrong tree
Arti: Marah/mengomel/memberi saran/berbicara/meminta kepada orang yang salah.

Better safe than sorry
Arti: Lebih baik bersiap-siap daripada menyesal (sedia payung sebelum hujan).

Breaking the ice
Arti: memecah ketegangan.

Call it a day
Arti: Break atau istirahat sejenak (sampai hari ini berakhir) dari suatu pekerjaan.

Can of Worms
Arti: Tindakan yang akan mengakibatkan masalah.
Contoh: “Calling him again is like opening a can of worms”

“Cat got your tongue?”
Arti: Terdiam ketika seharusnya mengatakan sesuatu.
Contoh: “Why don’t you say something? Does cat got your tongue?”

Come clean
Arti: Berterus terang, membuka kebohongan/rahasia, mengaku.

Cut like (hot) knife through butter
Arti: Memotong sesuatu dengan mudah (seperti pisau panas menembus mentega).

Easier said than done
Arti: Beribicara lebih mudah daripada mengerjakan, tidak semudah kelihatannya.

Fish story
Arti: Cerita bohong.

Greek gift
Arti: Hadiah yang merugikan si penerima.

Jack of all trades
Arti: Orang yang serba bisa dalam usaha.

Man proposes, God disposes
Arti: Manusia punya rencana, Tuhan yang menentukan.

Mind over matter
Arti: Menyatakan kekuatan pikiran (willpower).

More than meets the eye

Arti: Sesuatu yang memilik arti lebih daripada yang terlihat mata.

Needle in a (hay)stack
Arti: Jarum dalam tumpukan jerami, mencari sesuatu yang hampir mustahil.

Peeping Tom
Arti: Orang yang suka mengintip, suka mengamati seseorang.

Pep talk
Arti: Kata-kata/pembicaraan yang bertujuan untuk menyemangati. Misal dalam olahraga, pelatih memberi “pep talk” ketika timnya sedang tertinggal dari lawan.

Piece of cake/easy as pie
Arti: Pekerjaan yang sangat mudah, pie adalah istilah slang Amerika untuk “gampang”.

Rain check Arti: Menunda sesuatu, menjadwalkan ulang, atau menghindari pertemuan secara halus.
Contoh: A: “Will you have lunch with me?”  B: “I think I’m gonna have a rain check”  (bisa berarti kita makan siang bersama lain kali saja atau menolak secara halus).

Saved by the bell Arti: Selamat dari bahaya atau situasi buruk yang hampir saja terjadi (nyaris).

Take a hike

Arti: Mengusir seseorang.
Contoh: “Why don’t you take a hike or something”

Take for granted
Arti: Sesuatu yang tidak dihargai, karena dianggap sudah selayaknya didapat.
Contoh: He taken Anne for granted (Dia tidak menghargai Anne, karena merasa bersama Anne bukan hal yang istimewa, tetapi adalah hal biasa yang sudah selayaknya ia peroleh).

Chapter 3

"An absolute LOVE will NEVER let you down"

Chapter 2

British Parliamentary Debating System

Introduction

In applying the Communicative Language Teaching you may use the British Parliamentary (BP) debating system in the class. This technique may be will fit your students in improving their speaking skill. Here they are the terminology, and the roles, of the BP debating system.

Because of the style's origins in British Parliamentary procedure, the two sides are called the Government and Opposition. The speakers are similarly titled:

1.     Opening Government (first faction):

1.   Prime Minister

2.   Deputy Prime Minister

2.     Opening Opposition (second faction):

1.   Leader of the Opposition

2.   Deputy Leader of the Opposition

3.     Closing Government (third faction):

1.   Member for the Government

2.   Government Whip

4.     Closing Opposition (fourth faction):

1.   Member for the Opposition

2.   Opposition Whip

Speaking alternates between the two sides and the order of the debate is therefore:

1.     Prime Minister

2.     Leader of the Opposition

3.     Deputy Prime Minister

4.     Deputy Leader of the Opposition

5.     Member for the Government

6.     Member for the Opposition

7.     Government Whip

8.     Opposition Whip

As British Parliamentary debates take place between four teams their roles are split into two categories, those for the Opening factions, and those for the Closing faction

1. Opening faction
The first faction on each Government and Opposition team, known as the Opening Factions, has four basic roles in a British Parliamentary debate. They must:

·         Define the motion of the debate.

·         Present their case.

·         Respond to arguments of the opposing first faction.

·         Maintain their relevance during the debate.

The Opening Government team has the semi-divine right of definition, preventing the opposition from challenging their definition of the motion unless it is clearly unreasonable.

2.  Closing factions

The roles of the second two factions are to:

·         Introduce a case extension.

·         Establish and maintain their relevance early in the debate.

·         Respond to the arguments of the first factions.

·         Respond to the case extension of the opposing second faction.

In addition, the final two speakers of the debate (known as the Whips) take a similar role to the third speakers in Australia-Asian debating:

• The opposition whip may not introduce new arguments for his faction, the government's whip may add new positive material as long as it's "small" and does not start a new line of argumentation. This is a relatively new standard that has become the standard at the Worlds University Debating Championship, as well as the European University Debating Championship;
• They must respond to both opposing factions' arguments;
• They should briefly sum up their Opening Faction's case;
• They should offer a conclusion of their own faction's case extension.

In every debate, there is Point of Information that supposed to be there in order to make the debate goes absolutely flying. The style demands that all speakers offer Point of Information (POIs) to their opposition. POIs are important in British Parliamentary style, as it allows the first two factions to maintain their relevance during the course of the debate, and the last two factions to introduce their arguments early in the debate. The first and last minute of each speech is considered "protected time", during which no Point of Information  may be offered.

AREL will be the student’s guide in making a logically acceptable argumentation to deliver in order to pursue the adjudicators, or the one who score the debate. AREL is Assertion, Reasoning, Evidence, and Link back.  Assertion is related to the way the debater identify the motion; moreover, the debater have to explain the motion, convey their opinion which will be sum up as a good reasoning. Evidence will help the debater so much in order to prove that their argumentation is based on fact. Link back will be thing that makes the adjudicators believe that both the reason and the evidence is related to the topic.

Chapter 1

"every new BEGINNING has its own beautiful ENDING"