Young Learners

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Grammar

Either/or - Neither/nor

The using of either/or  :

It is used in a sentence when referring to a choice between two possibilities.
Example:

• Maybe I will drink soda. Maybe I will drink juice.  (I will choose one of them)

           I will drink either soda or juice.

The using of Neither/nor  :
It is used in a sentence in a negative context when you want to say that two or more things are untrue.

Example:

• I don't eat candy. I don't eat cake. (I don't eat both of them)

          I eat neither candy nor cake.

Fun Class Activity

an Ice Breaker

Language focus : Vocabulary; animal names

Skill focus         : Writing 

Procedures       :

• Form the class into groups. Each group has a large sheet of paper. in large classes, students may work in pairs, each with a sheet of paper.
• Children write as many animals as they can think of in one minute.
• They then pass the large sheet of paper to the group on their right or to the pair on their right.
• The next group will add more animals to the list.
• Continue rotating the sheet of paper until it returns to the original group. In large classes, pass the paper round five pairs.
• Create the summary grid on the board.
• ask the students to call out the name of an animal that falls into the following categories: farm animals, pets, and wild animals, and record these into the grid.

TYPE OF TEXTS

The Definition of Text

Text is a meaning which is expressed by words, phrase, sentence, and sign. It depends on the context. Text is also defined as a stretch of language, either in speech or in writing, that is semantically and pragmatically coherent in its real-world context. A
text can range from just one word to a sequence of utterances or sentences in a speech, a letter, a novel. There are some types of texts, they are narrative text, descriptive text, report text, recount text, procedure text, persuasive text.

·      The Definition of Descriptive Text

Descriptive text is a text which expresses or describes place, thing and person in such vivid detail that the readers can easily imagine the described place, thing and person or can picture what it looks like. In addition, descriptive text is also defined as a text which is written with our senses since the text will make the readers see, touch, taste, hear or smell the object.

v  Generic Structure

Descriptive text is intended to describe place, person, and thing so that the reader will be able to visualize the object. Generally, it has the following generic structure: 

a.         Identification

Identification is a part in which you identify or write the recognition; moreover, it can be a general statement about place, person, or thing that you want to describe.

b.        Descriptions

Descriptions are vivid detail of place, person, or thing that you want to describe so that the reader can easily imagine or picture the object, or they can feel the object with the five senses. 

c.         Conclusion

The last part of descriptive text is optional (i.e. it may be included or not). In this part, you conclude the paragraph or restate the identification.

·      The Definition of Recount Text

Recount text is a text which retells past events or experience for the purpose of informing or entertaining. It could include personal events, factual incidents or imaginary incidents.

v  Generic Structure of Recount Text

a.         Orientation :

Setting the scene and giving the necessary background information such as, who, when, where, what, and why.

b.        Events

Retelling the event in chronological order or logical sequence, usually in the past. (there is no complication in recount)

c.         Reorientation

Including a personal comment or opinion and a closing statement.

·      The Definition of Narrative Text

            Narrative paragraph is often used to describe what a person does over a period of time. It is an account of a sequence of events, usually in chronological order. It is a story or account of events, experiences, or the like, whether true or fictitious. Narrative paragraph deals with problematic events that lead to crisis or complication to find resolution.

v  Generic Structure

In writing narrative paragraph, you have to know the generic structure of it because it is really important to make it clear and structural . The generic structure of narrative paragraph consist of four, they are orientation, complication, resolution and re-orientation.

a.         Orientation          

Setting the scene, introducing the participants or giving necessary   background ( who, when, and when )

b.        Complication       

Writing a crisis, in which the problem  or complication arises and it creates  tension, it is carefully written until it finds its climax

c.         Resolution           

Finding the end of the narration or the crisis is resolved, it can be happy or unhappy ending

d.        Re-orientation

Closing the narration by using personal comment or opinion

·      The Definition of Procedure Text

Procedure Text is a text that is designed to describe how something is achieved through a sequence of actions or steps. It explains how people perform different processes in a sequence of steps. This text uses simple present tense, often imperative sentence. It also uses the temporal conjunction such as : first, second, then, next, finally, etc.

v  Generic Structures

·           Goal / aim ( or title)

·           Materials ( not required for all procedural texts)

·           Steps ( the actions that must be taken)

·      The Definition of Persuasive Text

Persuasion means to convince someone that your opinion on a subject is the right one. There are many forms of persuasion, you might not even know you are being persuaded. For example advertisements are persuading you to buy a certain product. Persuasive text includes advertisements, editorials, and reviews.